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Klammer, Martin.  "Walt Whitman: An encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998) <whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_51.html

Klammer, Martin. "Whitman, Slavery, AndThe Emergence of Leaves of Grass."Copyright  1995 The Pennsylvania University.

McDonald, John W. Walt Whitman, Philosopher Poet: Leaves of Grass by Indirection. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2007. Print.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford. UP, 1965. Print.

Whitman, Walt. Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass: The First (1855) Edition. Ed. Malcolm Cowley. New York: Viking, 1959. Print.

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Klammer, Martin.  "Walt Whitman: An encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998) <whitmanarchive.org/criticism/current/encyclopedia/entry_51.html

Klammer, Martin. "Whitman, Slavery, AndThe Emergence of Leaves of Grass."Copyright  1995 The Pennsylvania University.